Symptoms And Symptoms Of Mcardle s Syndrome - 988 Words

McArdle s Syndrome is a muscle metabolism disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the glycogen enzyme muscle phosphorylase (Quinlivan). Muscle phosphorylase is the enzyme that breaks down glycogen during glycolysis. Without this enzyme, the body has a difficult time going through anaerobic glycolysis and can cause an individual to experience intense muscle pains. It is estimated that 1 in every 100,000 people will get McArdle s Syndrome (Haller). McArdle s Syndrome is a genetic disorder, so there is no preventing it. Even the unaffected child of an affected person will have a 50% chance of being a carrier, which means they could pass it on to their own children (Martà ­n). Other common names for McArdle s Syndrome are Glycogen Storage disease type V (GSDV) and McArdle disease (Martà ­n, Quinlivan). The symptoms of McArdle s Syndrome were recognized about 65 years ago by Brian McArdle. In 1959, it was found that all these symptoms were due to a glycogen phosphorylase deficiency in the muscles (Haller). Some of these symptoms include rapid fatigue, myalgia, and muscle cramps in exercising muscles. These symptoms usually occur during the first 10 minutes of exercise. Muscle cramps are one of the major signs of McArdle s Syndrome. To prevent these muscle cramps, one should avoid high intensity and maximal aerobic exercise. Muscle weakness occurs in 25% of people diagnosed with McArdle s Syndrome and is more likely to involve proximal muscles and people over the age of 40.

Photosynthesis Study Guide - Key Concepts

Learn about photosynthesis step-by-step with this quick study guide. Start with the basics: Quick Review of the Key Concepts of Photosynthesis In plants, photosynthesis is used to convert light energy from sunlight into chemical energy (glucose). Carbon dioxide, water, and light are used to make glucose and oxygen.Photosynthesis is not a single chemical reaction, but rather a set of chemical reactions. The overall reaction is:6CO2 6H2O light → C6H12O6 6O2The reactions of photosynthesis can be categorized as light-dependent reactions and dark reactions.Chlorophyll is a key molecule for photosynthesis, though other cartenoid pigments also participate. There are four (4) types of chlorophyll: a, b, c, and d. Although we normally think of plants as having chlorophyll and performing photosynthesis, many microorganisms use this molecule, including some prokaryotic cells. In plants, chlorophyll is found in a special structure, which is called a chloroplast.The reactions for photosynthesis take place in different areas of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has three membranes (inner, outer, thylakoid) and is divided into th ree compartments (stroma, thylakoid space, inter-membrane space). Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Light reactions occur the thylakoid membranes.There is more than one form of photosynthesis. In addition, other organisms convert energy into food using non-photosynthetic reactions (e.g. lithotroph and methanogen bacteria)Products of Photosynthesis Steps of Photosynthesis Here is a summary of the steps  used by plants and other organisms to use solar energy to make chemical energy: In plants, photosynthesis usually occurs in the leaves. This is where plants can get the raw materials for photosynthesis all in one convenient location. Carbon dioxide and oxygen enter/exit the leaves through pores called stomata. Water is delivered to the leaves from the roots through a vascular system. The chlorophyll  in the chloroplasts inside leaf cells  absorbs sunlight.The process of photosynthesis  is divided into two main parts: light dependent reactions and light independent or dark reactions. The light dependent reaction happens when  solar energy  is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle).Chlorophyll and other carotenoids form what are called antenna complexes. Antenna complexes transfer light energy to one of two types of photochemical reaction centers: P700, which is part of Photosystem I, or P680, which is part of Photosystem II. The photochemical reac tion centers are located on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors, leaving the reaction center in an oxidized state.The light-independent reactions produce carbohydrates by using ATP and NADPH that was formed from the light-dependent reactions. Photosynthesis Light Reactions Not all wavelengths of light are absorbed during photosynthesis. Green, the color of most plants, is actually the color that is reflected. The light that is absorbed splits water into hydrogen and oxygen: H2O light energy →  ½ O2   2H   2 electrons Excited electrons from Photosystem I can use an electron transport chain to reduce oxidized P700. This sets up a proton gradient, which can generate ATP. The end result of this looping electron flow, called cyclic phosphorylation, is the generation of ATP and P700.Excited electrons from Photosystem I could flow down a different electron transport chain to produce NADPH, which is used to synthesize carbohydratyes. This is a noncyclic pathway in which P700  is reduced by an exicted electron from Photosystem II.An excited electron from Photosystem II flows down an electron transport chain from excited P680  to the oxidized form of P700, creating a proton gradient between the stroma and thylakoids that generates ATP. The net result of this reaction is called noncyclic photophosphorylation.Water contributes the electron that is needed to regenerate the reduced P680. The reduction of each molecule of NADP  to NADPH uses  two electrons  and requires  four photons.  Two molecul es  of ATP are formed. Photosynthesis Dark Reactions Dark reactions dont require light, but they arent inhibited by it, either. For most plants, the dark reactions take place during daytime. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This reaction is called carbon fixation or the  Calvin cycle. In this reaction, carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. Carbon dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar to form a 6-carbon sugar. The 6-carbon sugar is broken into two  sugar molecules, glucose and fructose, which can be used to make sucrose. The reaction requires 72 photons of light. The efficiency of photosynthesis is limited by environmental factors, including light, water, and carbon dioxide. In hot or dry weather, plants may close their stomata to conserve water. When the stomata are closed, the plants may start photorespiration. Plants called C4  plants maintain high levels of carbon dioxide inside cells that make glucose, to help avoid photorespiration. C4  plants produce carbohydrates more efficiently than normal C3  plants, provided the carbon dioxide is limiting and sufficient light is available to support the reaction. In moderate temperatures, too much of an energy burden is placed on the plants to make the C4  strategy worthwhile (named 3 and 4 because of the number of carbons in the intermediate reaction). C4  plants thrive in hot, dry climates.Study Questions Here are some questions you can ask yourself, to help you determine if you really understand the basics of how photosynthesis works. Define photosynthesis.What materials are required for photosynthesis? What is produced?Write the  overall reaction  for photosynthesis.Describe what happens during the cyclic phosphorylation of photosystem I. How does the transfer of electrons lead to the synthesis of ATP?Describe the reactions of carbon fixation or the  Calvin cycle. What enzyme catalyzes the reaction? What are the products of the reaction? Do you feel ready to test yourself? Take the  photosynthesis quiz!

Children Believe they are Indestructible - 992 Words

There are people out there who believe they’re indestructible. Children are the ones most convinced of this. Cartoons show characters that come back to life and parents seem like angelic beings that can do no wrong. Being a child is an ignorant bliss. Even though skin is easily scraped, bruised, and tarnished during their early years, they continue on. It isn’t difficult at the time. Some people continue to have this attitude in life. They grow up to become resilient and forceful. They’re the ones with the job opportunities and the recipients of promotions. They’re the ones that matter. They’re what I should have been. After all every parent dreams of raising an Ivy League graduate, and every student aspires to make their family proud. This sense of strength is a false security that can only occur when you’re younger. When you’re a kid nothing can go wrong. But years go by and family troubles arise, your best friend moves away, and countless other events that make you feel like you have no say in what happens around you. That’s growing up. Children break all the time. Despite their resilience, they’re fragile when pushed the wrong way. Children fall like buildings. Little by little and then all at once. I was never one of the strong kids. There was no defining moment in my childhood that made me shy and reserved, I just was. I kept my nose in books and stayed out of time out. Ironic considering I spend most of my time in a corner these days. I lost my voice for years. IShow MoreRelatedGender Roles in A New Leaf1292 Words   |  6 Pagesfor men and women alike. How are male and female characters portrayed? A. Women – Caretakers, nurturing, invested into beauty B. Men-Providers, indestructible, intelligent How does the work portray their roles in society? A. Women – Caretakers,invested into beauty, nurturers B. 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For example, Nickelodeons Loony Tunes, actually contains 80 acts of violence per hour and prime-time shows register at 60 actsRead MoreThe Vampire Chronicles Vs. Twilight Saga869 Words   |  4 Pagesstarting with The Vampire Chronicles. The Vampire Chronicles begins in the seventeenth hundredths with the Interview with the Vampire then moves forward into modern times in between novels. Anne Rice had made her vampires almost similar to Dracula. They believe that humans are beneath them. They sleep during the day to avoid being killed by the sun and they don’t have a reflection. Rice also put her little spin on how her vampires should be, such as the transformation of the vampires. Her vampires areRead MoreEssay On Russia909 Words   |  4 Pagesquickly forming ice!†. The scientists are alive only by the backup generators that keep the power going and keep their plants from dying in the harsh winters of Russia. â€Å"This is terrible,† Magnolia utters under her breath. â€Å"Russia always seemed indestructible,† Gaidar says sadly, â€Å"I guess in reality it wasn’t.† Abha looks down at the ground. â€Å"Do you - do you think that anyone else survived?† Quincy puts his hand on her shoulder in an attempt to comfort her. â€Å"There’s no way to know for sure. RussiaRead MoreLove Has Many Definitions Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly between a parent and their love for their child. Children misbehave; receive punishment, but still the love between the parent and child remains. A parent wants nothing more, then to provide for the child, to give that child more than physically possible. 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Things Fall Apart Women Essay - 1558 Words

vvIn the novel Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe presents a true reflection the conventional view of women and their roles in the many societies in Africa and across the world. Achebe uses a combination of various writing techniques and literary devices to effectively bring out the theme of the role of women in the novel. The author goes a mile ahead to highlight contextual issues surrounding the usual discussion of the role of women in the society. Inasmuch as most scholars focus on the presentation of women as being weak and subjugated group, the story contains bits of their contrasting depiction as being important, influential and more powerful than even men. Even so, the general perception about the overall position and role of women in†¦show more content†¦The priestess screams at Okonkwo spontaneously shouting that she wants to see her daughter (Achebe 101). Ironically, Okonkwo subdues to her threats and for the first and only time in the novel he pleads with anyone. Th e author reveals that he pleaded with Agbala to return the next morning since Ezinma was asleep at the time (Achebe 101). Pleading, especially to a woman, is not a natural response Okonkwo is expected to take based on his beliefs, character and behaviors. The fact that Achebe allows only a woman to subdue Okonkwo in his novel reveals his perception of the position of women in the society. Women are revered by the society as they are viewed as special beings and constantly being associated with the deity and trusted to perform vital rituals that affect the future of the people and the nature. Ani is believed to be a representation of goddess on earth. She is believed to be able to communicate with the ancestors (Achebe 36). The community performs a ritual before every yam harvest to please goddess Ani, so that their crops can grow (Achebe 30). Without the blessing of the goddess, the society risks their crops not growing. 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Chinua Achebe’s post-colonial novel, Things Fall Apart, do at some points of the novel support the case of the subjugated African women in the course of Okonkwo’s life through the practice of polygamy, paying bride price, and the atypical case of Okonkwo beating his wives at sl ight frustration. In Okonkwo’s eyes, women are mere property and the onesRead More The Role of Women in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay3614 Words   |  15 Pagesrevolution is the classic, Things Fall Apart.   The focus of this essay includes: 1) Achebes portraiture of women in his fictional universe, the existing sociocultural situation of the period he is depicting, and the factors in it that condition male attitudes towards women; 2) the consequences of the absence of a moderating female principle in his fictions; 3) Achebes progressively changing attitude towards women s roles; and 4) feminist prospects for African women. 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For the Igbo clan, a marriage is the union between a man and as many women as he desires and can afford to buy. A marriage is done for the purpose of having numerous children and love between man and wife is not even a requirement. The wife is given the opti on to leave if she is unhappy and despiteRead More Power of Women in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesof Women in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart       The novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a commanding account about the rise and fall of an African tribe. The powerful narrative depicts the life and customs of the people and how they change through the years. Theere are many different ideas and characters that are preseneted throughout the novel. The depiction of women is one aspect that is of extreme relevance. 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Within the American culture, women’s rights have expanded to the extent of being able to vote for who runs our country or even possibly being the person that does run our country. Although the American culture has somewhat promoted the growth of a woman’s role in society, does not mean women receive the same respect in other cultures around world. For example, in Africa women are viewed lower onRead MoreThe Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1451 Words   |  6 PagesAchebe’s Things Fall Apart focuses on protagonist Okonkwo and his desire to live his life as a strong, masculine figure with a title worth showing off. This Nigerian novel provides an inside view of the oppression women faced in nineteenth century Igbo culture and the lengths to which men were willing to go to avoid appearing feminine. Criticizing Achebe’s novel through a feminist lens makes abundantly clear the unbalanced relationship between the sexes in the western African nation. Things Fall ApartRead MoreChinua Achebe : The Invention And Mastery Of Modern African Literature1695 Words   |  7 Pages In her essay Chinua Achebe: The Invention and Mastery of Modern African Literature Emeka Aniagolu labels Chinua Achebe as â€Å"the single most important literary figure in modern African literature† (1). Ania golu goes on to praise Achebe as â€Å"perhaps the most well-known, most widely read, most translated, and most widely respected modern African writer, novelist and polemical essayist†, especially considering he as been crowned as the inventor of modern African literature (1). The praise he has received

Lord of the flies writing assignment Free Essays

They were reported issuing a month ago on Tuesday July 21st, after a plane supposedly â€Å"dropped† them off at a Remote Island. No one hasn’t really heard of them since, but Police from all over Canada, the United States, Mexico, and the UK has been looking for these boys. Officials say that some sailors have found them on an island, which was smoking. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the flies writing assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Around 2-3 boys have been reported dead; the names have not been released as yet. â€Å"We found shelter, and got some food† 8 year old Sam, a younger boy rescued from the island. â€Å"Some of the boys were rude to other boys but they solved some of their problems† 8 ear old Eric said. Now the big question is what happened on the island? â€Å"On that island, have been some really traumatizing events. Some have lost their lives on that island, but most survived. There have been some really awful conflicts but thankfully reality saved us. † 12 year old Ralph said. ‘We were civilized at one point in time but we got out of hand, but I’m glad that’s all over and that we can move on in our lives. † 12 year old Jack told us. All the boys are safe home now and officers are going back to the island to investigate and find the lost boys. How to cite Lord of the flies writing assignment, Papers

Corporate Governance Organization and Humanistic †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Organization and Humanistic. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is very crucial for the success of any organization corporate governance. The board of directors dictates corporate governance of a company. This, therefore, requires that the board to constitute of the mechanisms that ensure that the best people are appointed to the boardroom. The topic of corporate governance was first developed in the 1930s but came to be popularized in the 1970s. The aim of corporate governance is to achieve the best practices within an organization that promotes productivity. The practices which are developed by the board are meant to balance the interest of stakeholders and at the same time provide a framework that helps attain the company's objective (Arnold, 1997). The case is not of any difference at OPTUS Australia, the company that strives for sustainability in their customers, employees, and employees. The company has a Corporate Responsibility group that was formed in 2010 and provides strategic leadership, governance, and oversight. This group also helps to drive the agenda by ensuring that the companys agendas are aligned with the business strategy. The paper will provide an oversight of corporate governance at Optus Australia and how it can be used to enhance business practices (Blant, 2013). Corporate governance is a structure through which direction and control of a company are attained. The board of directors of a company normally exercises corporate governance. The shareholders appoint the board of directors as well as the auditors who then form a governance structure that represents the interest of the shareholders (Cadbury, 2011). The role of corporate governance in a company involves: Setting the strategic aims of the company, providing leadership by affecting the strategies, conducting supervisory duties on the company management and reporting to the shareholders in regards to their stewardship. Therefore, corporate governance is about how a company sets its values and its strategies to ensure it is aligned to the desired direction. Corporate governance for the listed companies is a requirement by law. A good corporate governance is one that considers the control of a company regardless f it is a requirement by law or not. This is because corporate governance improves transparency and accountability between the organization and its stakeholders. In summary, the role of corporate governance can be simplified to the role of the board of directors (Cadbury, 2011). These roles include: Governance; where the board establishes the structure as well as the response that help to fulfill board responsibilities, which aim to address the stakeholders interests Strategy; which involve advising the management in developing strategies and plans that are aligned with the goals of the organization as well as the stakeholders. Performance: where the board reviews and approves company strategies, financial plans, and the annual operating plans. The board also conducts an assessment on the performance of the management based on the established budgets and the alignment to the company's goal. Integrity, the board is responsible for setting the ethical standards of a company of which it passes over to the management for policy and procedure implementation. These policies are designed to promote legal compliance and promote honesty. Talent, the board overseas talent programs within an organization especially those related to executive leadership as well as the potential successor to the CEO. Risk governance, the board monitors the risk exposure on strategy, operations, and finance and works together with the management in determining the risk appetite, tolerance, and alignment with strategic goals (Turnbull, 2012). Better management and fewer ethical and or legal problems are one of the benefits of corporate governance. This involves setting values that limit these issues. Corporate governance improves reputation in a way that more stakeholders become willing to work with your organization. The stakeholders might include the media who can promote the business government and suppliers. This process is further promoted through information sharing which is viewed as information sharing. This makes people feel more confident while engaging in business dealings(Dorcas, 2017). Corporate governance ensures fewer fines, penalties, and lawsuits through policies and regulations that take a specific step to file complaints within the local and state rules. Corporate governance decreases conflicts and fraud as it limits the potential bad conduct of employees by putting in place laws that mitigate fraud and conflict of interests. For instance, a Company's governance might forbid loans to officers and family members or hiring of family members (S?tiblar, 2016). Reduction of wastage is also realized within an organization once corporate governance is put in place. This is due to the set guidelines and structures that are meant to guide the execution of activities hence reducing the wastage of resources (Gerald, 2017). Mitigation of risks and mismanagement, as the board of governance, lays down a structure and provide the way forward; it helps in reducing risks as well as mismanagement within the organization. Finally, there are increased economic benefits, which result from increased trust within the community. Even though the benefit is long-term, corporate governance is very crucial for profit making organizations The limitations of corporate governance The establishment of corporate governance within an organization leads to increased operation cost due to increased administrative requirements. This is due to the duties of the board that includes entering into contracts and financial agreements (Slater, 2015). The separation of management and ownership is another limitation of corporate governance that could hurt the organization in the end. The separation poses an agency problem in that the board of directors especially in corporations that trade stocks publicly. The directors are torn in between maximizing the shareholder's wealth and maximizing personal benefits from the company success (Goodijk, 2015). Misrepresentation of information to avoid paying high taxes or affect the value of the company shares through trading assets between the parent and subsidiary to increase or decrease the amount of revenues and assets. This limits the effectiveness of corporate within the organization (Harisson, 2017). The extensive misuse of power that has been delegated to the company has contributed to the development of laws that prevent the misuse. However complying with each and every of this policies or laws is very costly and demanding for many organizations. Insider trading is another problem that has largely been associated with corporate governance. This happens when officials who have access to highly confidential information, sells it to an outsider. This might lead to an impact on the company's shares as well as its value. Insider trading can also occur when a person with access to the companys share information sells the shares to a person unknowingly (Kelvin, 2017). Using corporate governance to enhancing business practice with the Optus Australia organization Corporate governance is a system that governs and leads the corporation towards the realization of its goals. The objective of corporate governance is to increase accountability to avoid massive disasters. The disasters might include bankruptcy and lawsuits. Corporate governs ensures that problems are promptly addressed, and all the stakeholders are involved. All these actions help in enhancing business practices at Optus or any other organization (Mary, 2017). Other ways in which corporate governance can be used to enhance business practices is by recognizing the role of shareholders in maintaining the companys stock price. This will eliminate the normal trend of brushing away shareholders with little impact on stock prices and allowing a way for shareholders with the majority shares to move their interest. This will not only favor the minority shareholders but also increase the popularity of Optus Australia. The consideration of other stakeholders is also another way of ensuring corporate governance has been well incorporated into the business practices. This is attained by creating a good relationship through addressing the non-shareholder stakeholders, which creates harmony with the community as well as the press (Melis, 2015). Corporate governance ought to make a unanimous decision involving business strategies, therefore corporate governance requires that the board of directors at Optus be on the same page. Optus is a successful organization in Australia. However, the success can be further be enhanced through corporate governance, which will help to make sure that apart from attaining higher profits, the organization also ensures the sustainability of the organization. This may include ensuring that the staff is well paid, civil and legal issues are well addressed through establishing a code of conduct regarding ethical decisions (Morroni, 2013). Once the Optus Australia organization has embraced the corporate governance into ifs business practices, it will also ensure transparency within the organization. This means that financial records and earnings reports will be stated clearly and without exaggeration. Having transparency within the organization helps to increase the public confidence and avoid Ponzi schemes (Simon, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, corporate governance acts as the control station for a plane which is the Optus organization. Without proper directions and controls from the directors, the organization is prone to face a lot challenges along the way. The company not only does it face challenges but slows its growth and even at times, it lead to stagnated growth. Therefore regardless of whether the company is listed or not, the presence of corporate governance is very crucial and should be included in the business practices of the organization. Optus should thus grab the opportunity as well as the benefits of having corporate governance to take their success to the next level. References Arnold, F. (1997). Corporate Governance Update.Corporate Governance,5(1), 46-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00040 Blant, K. (2013). Corporate Governance Report: Corporate Governance Principles -a Japanese view.Corporate Governance,7(2), 209-214. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00149 Cadbury, S. (2011). The Corporate Governance Agenda.Corporate Governance,8(1), 7-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00175 Dorcas, S. (2017).Why is Corporate Governance Important?.BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/article/618/why-is-corporate-governance-important/ Gerald, F. (2017).The Role and Benefits of a Corporate Governance Framework. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://deloitte.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2013/05/24/the-role-and-benefits-of-a-corporate-governance-framework/ Goodijk, R. (2015). Corporate Governance and Workers' Participation.Corporate Governance,8(4), 303-310. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00209 Harisson, K. (2017).The Disadvantages of Corporate Governance.Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-corporate-governance-76573.html Kelvin, J. (2017).The Drawbacks Of Corporate Governance | The Best Practice Network Guidelines | The Best Practice Network.Best-practice.com. Retrieved 10 May 2017, from https://www.best-practice.com/compliance-best-practices/corporate-compliance/the-drawbacks-of-corporate-governance/ Mary, G. (2017). Corporate Governance Report: Corporate Governance in the Netherlands.Corporate Governance,5(4), 236-238. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00066 Melis, A. (2015). Corporate Governance in Italy.Corporate Governance,8(4), 347-355. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00213 Morroni, M. (2013).Corporate governance, organization and the firm(1st ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Simon, A. (2003). Corporate Governance Update.Corporate Governance,11(2), 149-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00016 Slater, J. (2015).Governance(1st ed.). New York: Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. S?tiblar, F. (2016).Vpliv lastnis?tva na uspes?nost corporate governanance bank v Sloveniji(1st ed.). Turnbull, S. (2012). The Science of Corporate Governance.Corporate Governance,10(4), 261-277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00291

Analysis of the UTS Hospital

Question: The report discusses the data and analysis of the same for UTS Hospital which is a public hospital located in Australia in New South Wales. An extensive analysis is done on the AR-DRGs E69A/B/C which is the code for Bronchitis and Asthma. Answer: Chronic Asthmatic Bronchitis - Health Library. (2016). Sw.org. Retrieved 23 May 2016. AR-DRG Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRGs) is a classification system that puts forward a clinical mechanism to relate the patients that are treated in a particular hospital with the resources that are utilized by the hospital. These groupings have been done on the basis of the similarities found in the clinical status and the required hospital service for the same. ("Australian refined diagnosis-related groups (AR-DRG) data cubes (AIHW)", 2016). Code Description 00 Unassignable to MDC 01 Diseases Disorders of the Nervous System B01Z-B81B 02 Diseases Disorders of the Eye C01Z-C63B 03 Diseases Disorders of the Ear, Nose, Mouth Throat D01Z-D67Z 04 Diseases Disorders of the Respiratory System E01A-E75C 05 Diseases Disorders of the Circulatory System F01Z-F75C 06 Diseases Disorders of the Digestive System G01A-G70B 07 Diseases Disorders of the Hepatobiliary System Pancreas H01A-H64B 08 Diseases Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System Connective Tissue I01Z-I76C 09 Diseases Disorders of the Skin, Subcutaneous Tissue Breast J01Z-J67B 10 Endocrine, Nutritional Metabolic Diseases Disorders K01Z-K64B 11 Diseases Disorders of the Kidney Urinary Tract L01A-L67C 12 Diseases Disorders of the Male Reproductive System M01Z-M64Z 13 Diseases Disorders of the Female Reproductive System N01Z-N62B 14 Pregnancy, Childbirth the Puerperium O01A-O65B 15 Newborns Other Neonates P01Z-P67D 16 Diseases Disorders of Blood, Blood Forming Organs, Immunological Disorders Q01Z-Q62B 17 Neoplastic Disorders (Haematological Solid Neoplasms) R01A-R64Z 18 Infectious Parasitic Diseases, Systemic or Unspecified Sites S60Z-T64B 19 Mental Diseases Disorders U40Z-U68Z 20 Alcohol/Drug Use Alcohol/Drug Induced Organic Mental Disorders V60Z-V64Z 21 Injuries, Poisonings Toxic Effects of Drugs W01Z-X64B 22 Burns Y01Z-Y62B 23 Factors Influencing Health Status Other Contacts with Health Services Z01A-Z65Z E69A/B/C DGR E69A/B/C belongs to the MDC 04 which stands for Diseases Disorders of the Respiratory System. This DRG belongs to the disease Bronchitis and Asthma. Bronchitis is a respiratory malady in which the bodily fluid layer in the lungs' bronchial sections gets to be kindled. As the bothered layer swells and develops thicker, it contracts or stops the minor aviation routes in the lungs, bringing about hacking spells that might be joined by mucus and shortness of breath. The malady comes in two structures: intense (enduring from one to three weeks) and endless (enduring no less than 3 months of the year for a long time in succession).Asthma is a constant sickness including the aviation routes in the lungs. These aviation routes, or bronchial tubes, permit air to come all through the lungs. Prevalence Incidence of Admissions to Acute Hospitals Acute care is a branch of health care that is secondary in nature. Under this care, a patient receives active and immediate but short-term treatment. The treatment is provided for long illness, severe injury or an urgent medical condition. It is entirely opposite from the long-term or chronic care ("Acute hospitals and integrated care", 2015). AMO specialty that is seen more commonly is general medicine and the discharge intention is overnight as compared to the same day discharge. J45.9 is the most frequent diagnosis code and 95550-03 is the major procedure code. Prevent Hospitalization and Reduce LOS for E69A/B/C There is no cure for asthma, yet side effects can be controlled with compelling asthma treatment and administration. This includes taking the medicines as guided and figuring out how to keep away from triggers that bring about asthma side effects. Ordinary treatment for intense bronchitis may comprise of straightforward measures, for example, getting a lot of rest, drinking loads of liquids, staying away from smoke and exhaust, and potentially getting a medicine for a breathed in bronchodilator and/or hack syrup. Now and again of incessant bronchitis, oral steroids to decrease aggravation and/or supplemental oxygen might be important. Over-the-counter non-steroidal mitigating drugs (NSAIDS, for example, headache medicine, ibuprofen and naproxen may relieve your sore throat. Humidifiers make dampness noticeable all around you relax. This can release bodily fluid in your nasal sections and mid-section, making it simpler to relax. Drinking a lot of fluids, for example, water or tea, can disperse bodily fluid. This makes it less demanding to hack it up or clean out it out through your nose. Data Analysis Strategy and Plan The selected plan for analyzing the data for the patients of UTS Hospital diagnosed and treated with the DRG E69A/E69B/E69C is: Sort the information for each of the DGR as E69A, E69B and E69C. Compare the data collected with the overall data of the patients Identify the commonly occurring diagnostic information and procedure information on the Bronchitis and Asthma patients Analyze the data and infer the patterns out of the data such as the age group that is affected the most, gender than is affected the most and likewise Look through the discharge information and the period of stay of the patients in the hospital Combine all of the information in the form of tables, figures and charts Profile of patients in AR-DRGs E69A/E69B/E69C The data set that has been chosen for this study consists of 34624 records and the proportion covered by AR-DRG E69A/B/C is 413 records which accounts for 1.192% of the entire dataset with 0.037% patients treated for E69A, 0.26% treated for E69B and 0.895% for E69C. DRG41 Gender Age Marital Status LOS Discharge Intention ICU Hours Principal Diagnosis Diagnosis 2 E69A Female 75 Married 20 Overnight 0 J45.9 B44.9 E69A Female 83 Widowed 5 Overnight 0 J20.8 B96.5 E69A Female 53 Married 22 Overnight 0 J46 G72.2 E69A Female 64 Married 3 Overnight 0 J20.9 F10.2 E69A Female 86 Widowed 6 Overnight 0 J45.1 F03 E69A Male 77 Married 8 Overnight 0 J45.9 J69.0 E69A Female 78 Widowed 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 I50.0 E69A Male 75 Married 9 Overnight 0 J45.9 D50.9 E69A Female 72 Unknown 16 Overnight 0 J45.9 E87.7 E69A Male 85 Unknown 3 Overnight 0 J40 J18.9 E69A Male 62 Married 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 I48 E69A Female 66 Widowed 4 Overnight 0 J45.9 B96.39 E69A Female 63 Married 1 Overnight 2 J20.8 B96.5 Profile of Patients DRG41 Gender Age Marital Status LOS ICU Hours Principal Diagnosis Diagnosis 2 E69B Male 37 Married 13 0 J46 B96.39 E69B Female 30 Married 4 16 J46 A49.2 E69B Female 58 Married 3 0 J45.9 Z72.0 E69B Male 55 Single 5 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69B Female 40 Married 26 0 J45.9 J14 E69B Male 6 Single 1 0 J45.9 G80.9 E69B Female 3 Single 1 0 J45.9 A09 E69B Female 70 Divorced 6 0 J45.9 J22 E69B Female 81 Widowed 7 0 J45.9 E11.9 E69B Female 51 Married 1 0 J45.9 E69B Male 76 Married 1 0 J45.1 E69B Female 77 Married 6 0 J20.9 E11.9 E69B Male 66 Unknown 2 27 J46 Z86.43 E69B Female 45 Married 3 0 J45.9 D50.9 E69B Female 0 Single 1 0 J45.9 J05.0 E69B Male 16 Single 3 44 J45.9 J93.9 E69B Male 66 Unknown 1 0 J45.9 E69B Female 28 Single 1 0 J45.9 I47.1 E69B Male 8 Single 11 0 J45.9 G80.9 E69B Male 53 Single 6 0 J45.9 E69B Female 57 Married 2 0 J45.9 Z86.43 E69B Female 1 Single 2 0 J45.9 J18.9 E69B Male 52 Married 3 0 J45.9 Z72.0 Pivot Table: Profile of Patients for E69B DRG41 Gender Age Marital Status LOS Discharge Intention ICU Hours Principal Diagnosis Diagnosis 2 E69C Female 7 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 17 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 5 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 32 Married 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 12 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 32 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 15 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 Z72.0 E69C Male 2 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 41 Married 1 Overnight 0 J20.9 L50.0 E69C Female 35 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 Z72.0 E69C Male 4 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 29 Married 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 Z72.0 E69C Male 2 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 14 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 47 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 Z86.43 E69C Male 31 Single 1 Overnight 22 J46 J06.9 E69C Male 1 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 18 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 6 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E86 E69C Female 20 Single 3 Overnight 0 J46 Z72.0 E69C Female 33 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 47 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 49 Unknown 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 1 Single 2 Overnight 0 J46 E69C Male 2 Single 5 Overnight 0 J46 J06.9 E69C Female 20 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 35 Single 3 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 4 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 35 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 Z72.0 E69C Male 21 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 17 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Female 19 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 17 Unknown 1 Overnight 0 J40 Z72.0 E69C Male 3 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 17 Single 3 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 3 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 7 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 30 Married 2 Overnight 20 J45.9 Z72.0 E69C Female 35 Married 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 4 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J22 E69C Female 1 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 48 Married 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 Z86.43 E69C Male 2 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 17 Single 2 Overnight 38 J46 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 12 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 L30.9 E69C Female 15 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 0 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 L30.9 E69C Male 38 Unknown 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J22 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 32 Married 2 Overnight 0 J45.1 E69C Male 6 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 8 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 15 Single 1 Overnight 0 J40 E69C Male 25 Single 4 Overnight 0 J45.1 E69C Male 20 Unknown 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 2 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 7 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 2 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 1 Single 2 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 E69C Male 2 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 31 Married 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Male 1 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 E69C Female 8 Single 1 Overnight 0 J45.9 J06.9 Comparison and Analysis DRG Number of Patients Average Age Number of Females Number of Males Overnight Discharge Same Day Discharge Maximum ICU Hours E69A/B/C 410 22.6 years 190 223 409 4 46 Others 34214 39.27 20010 14201 27390 6525 2695 Comparison of Patients in AR-DRG with E69A/B/C with all the patients The comparative analysis between the patients of E69A/B/C and other DRGs show the following trends and results: More number of males have been diagnosed with E69A/B/C whereas more females are diagnosed for other DRGs Overnight discharges occur more than the same day discharges for all the DRGs Maximum ICU hours in case of Bronchitis and Asthma is 46 but it went as high as up to 2695 hours in other DRGs The average age recorded for Asthma and Bronchitis is 22.6 years and is 39.27 for the rest of them. DRG Most Common Principal Diagnosis Most Common Secondary Diagnosis E69A J45.9 B96.5 E69B J45.9 J18.9 E69C J45.9 J06.9 Most Common Diagnosis Codes DRG Most Common Principal Procedure Code Most Common Secondary Principal Procedure E69A 95550-01 and 95550-03 95550-03 E69B 95550-03 95550-01, 95550-02 and 95550-03 E69C 95550-03 34524-00 Most Common Procedure Codes DRG Maximum Length of Stay E69A 2 E69B 44 E69C 46 Same MCDs 743 Maximum Length of Stay Important Points from the Analysis Principal diagnosis most commonly seen: J45.9 Most common Procedure codes: 95550-03 Overnight discharges happen more than same day discharges More males diagnosed with Bronchitis and Asthma Prevention for Asthma and Bronchitis Intake of proper medications as per the recommendations by the doctor or caregiver. Avoid the harm causing factors such as pollen grains, smoke and likewise. Increased use of electrostatic air cleaner to be free from dust Increased consumption of water on a daily basis and especially in the mornings Bring exercise and workout in the routine schedule Get rid of the pets is animal dander is one of the causes of Asthma Be well aware of the medical condition Maintain wellness Seek medical care if the problems increase ("Chronic Asthmatic Bronchitis - Health Library", 2016) Conclusions Bronchitis and Asthma are the diseases that are primarily treated in the Acute Care facility and can be chronic as well as non-chronic in nature. A detailed analysis on the profile of the patients is done in a record of 34624 patients. There are 413 patients belonging to E69A/B/C DRG and the principal diagnosis and procedure codes seen are J45.9 and 95550-03. References Acute hospitals and integrated care. (2015). The King's Fund. Retrieved 23 May 2016. An Inpatient Prospective Payment System Refresher: MS-DRGs. (2016). Health-information.advanceweb.com. Retrieved 23 May 2016. Australian refined diagnosis-related groups (AR-DRG) data cubes (AIHW). (2016). Aihw.gov.au.